Chapter 12

Est - 3rd singular present active indicative of esse meaning
Influit - 3rd singular present active indicative of influere meaning to flow
Possit - 3rd singular present active indicative of posse meaning to be able
transibant - 3rd plural imperfect active indicative of tranere meaning  to go over
traduxisse - perfect active infinitive meaning to be carried over to him
pervenit - 3rd singular present active indicative of  pervenere meaning to come up
transierat - 3rd singular pluperfect active indicative of transere meaning to go over
concidit - 3rd singular present active indicative of concaedere meaning an abattis
mandarunt - 3rd plural present active indicative of mandere meaning to put in hand 
abdiderunt - 3rd plural perfect active indicative of abdo meaning to put away 
appellabatur - 3rd singular imperefect passive indicative of appellere meaning to drive to
exisset - 3rd singular pluperfect active indicative of exere meaning to go out 
interfecerat - 3rd singular pluperfect active indicative of interficere meaning to destroy 
miserat - 3rd singular pluperfect active indicative of misere meaning to let go
intulerat - 3rd singular pluperfect active indicative of infere meaning to bring in 


There is the Saone river, which flows through through the territories of the Audei and Sequani into the Rhone with such slowness, that it can not be seen by the eye as to the direction it flows. The Helvetii crossed this with rafts and boats that are joined. When it was informed to Caesar by spies that the Helvetii already had three parts of their forces across the river, but the other was left on the Saone, he set out with three legions during the watch, and came up to the division that had not yet crossed the river. Attacking them encumbered with baggage, an not expecting him, he cut a great part of them to pieces, the rest took themselves to flight, and concealed themselves in the woods  

Abbreviations

P.S.

R.I.P

REG

VS

P.M.

Ph.D.

I.E.

E.G.

ETC.

D.V.

CF.

A.M.

A.D.

I.A.

J.D.

LB.

M.A.

Per Cent

P.M.

P.M.A.

Q.E.D

C.V.

CWT. 

EAD.

ET. AL. 

Abbreviation check

A.D. - anno domoni - "In the year of our Lord"
A.M. - before midday
C.V.
ETC. - and other things
E.G. - for example
I.E. - for example
M.A.
M.O.
N.B.
Ph.D - philosophia doctoria - Doctor of philosophy
Q.E.D. - normal
R.I.P - rest in peace
VS. - going against

Short phrases

1. - imperii esse

2.- videri esse

3. - soneri esse

Word Test

(6) Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent: unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum, vix qua singuli carri ducerentur, mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile perpauci prohibere possent; alterum per provinciam nostram, multo facilius atque expeditius, propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit isque non nullis locis vado transitur. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvetiorum finibus Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros, quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur, existimabant vel vi coacturos ut per suos fines eos ire paterentur. Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant. Is dies erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus.

[7] Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam nostram iter facere conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci et quam maximis potest itineribus in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit. Provinciae toti quam maximum potest militum numerum imperat (erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una), pontem, qui erat ad Genavam, iubet rescindi. Ubi de eius adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt nobilissimos civitatis, cuius legationis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinebant, qui dicerent sibi esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere, propterea quod aliud iter haberent nullum: rogare ut eius voluntate id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memoria tenebat L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumque eius ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub iugum missum, concedendum non putabat; neque homines inimico animo, data facultate per provinciam itineris faciundi, temperaturos ab iniuria et maleficio existimabat. Tamen, ut spatium intercedere posset dum milites quos imperaverat convenirent, legatis respondit diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum: si quid vellent, ad Id. April. reverterentur.

[8] Interea ea legione quam secum habebat militibusque, qui ex provincia convenerant, a lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen Rhodanum influit, ad montem Iuram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dividit, milia passuum XVIIII murum in altitudinem pedum sedecim fossamque perducit. Eo opere perfecto praesidia disponit, castella communit, quo facilius, si se invito transire conentur, prohibere possit. Ubi ea dies quam constituerat cum legatis venit et legati ad eum reverterunt, negat se more et exemplo populi Romani posse iter ulli per provinciam dare et, si vim facere conentur, prohibiturum ostendit. Helvetii ea spe deiecti navibus iunctis ratibusque compluribus factis, alii vadis Rhodani, qua minima altitudo fluminis erat, non numquam interdiu, saepius noctu si perrumpere possent conati, operis munitione et militum concursu et telis repulsi, hoc conatu destiterunt.

Chapter 6

verbs:

Erant/ esse 'to be' 

Possent/ posse 'to be able' 

est/ esse 'to be' 

viderentur/ viderere 'to see' 

paterentur/ peterere 'to attack' 

nouns:

flumen 'river' 

fluit/ flumen 'river 

animo: life 

itineribus/itineri 'inside' 

pertinent 'important' 

Chapter 7

verbs:

pervenit/ pervenere 'to come' 

sunt/ esse 'to be' 

obtinebant/ obtinere 'to get a hold of' 

haberent/ habere 'to have' 

existimabat/ existire 'to leave' 

nouns: 

provinciam/ 'province' 

numerum/ 'number' 

maleficio/ 'evil' 

data/ 'information' 

milites/ 'miles' 

Chapter 8

verbs: 

habebat/ habere 'to have' 

perducit/ perdicire 'to persuade' 

conentur/ conere 'to attempt' 

dividit/ dividere 'to divide' 

possit/ posse 'to be able' 

nouns: 

provincia/ 'province' 

perfecto/ 'perfect' 

populi/ 'people' 

navibus/ 'navy'

altitudo/ 'altitude'  

Roman Person

Cato the younger
5-8 min
in costume
1st person
Birth/life/death
Major events
at least one prop
Slideshow w/ pics
You should be acting in the photos
6-12 pics
should illustrate events in your life

Vocab Check paragraph 3-4

[3] His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti constituerunt ea quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent comparare, iumentorum et carrorum quam maximum numerum coemere, sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam confirmare. Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi satis esse duxerunt; in tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant. Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur. Is sibi legationem ad civitates suscipit. In eo itinere persuadet Castico, Catamantaloedis filio, Sequano, cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat et a senatu populi Romani amicus appellatus erat, ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod pater ante habuerit; itemque Dumnorigi Haeduo, fratri Diviciaci, qui eo tempore principatum in civitate obtinebat ac maxime plebi acceptus erat, ut idem conaretur persuadet eique filiam suam in matrimonium dat. Perfacile factu esse illis probat conata perficere, propterea quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenturus esset: non esse dubium quin totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii possent; se suis copiis suoque exercitu illis regna conciliaturum confirmat. Hac oratione adducti inter se fidem et ius iurandum dant et regno occupato per tres potentissimos ac firmissimos populos totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant.

[4] Ea res est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata. Moribus suis Orgetoricem ex vinculis causam dicere coegerunt; damnatum poenam sequi oportebat, ut igni cremaretur. Die constituta causae dictionis Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum milia decem, undique coegit, et omnes clientes obaeratosque suos, quorum magnum numerum habebat, eodem conduxit; per eos ne causam diceret se eripuit. Cum civitas ob eam rem incitata armis ius suum exequi conaretur multitudinemque hominum ex agris magistratus cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est; neque abest suspicio, ut Helvetii arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit.

Paragraph 4 verbs:

est- 3rd singular present active indicative of esse meaning to be

dicere- present active infinitive meaning to declare 

cremaretur- 3rd singular present passive indicative of cremarere meaning to be burned

habebat- 3rd singular imperfect active indicative of habere meaning to hold

consciverit- 3rd singular present active indicative of conscivere meaning to write down

Paragraph 3 verbs:

constituerunt- 3rd plural present active indicative of constituere meaning to constitute 

facere- present active infinitive meaning to call 

confirmant- 2nd plural present active indicative of confirmare meaning to confirm 

deligitur- 3rd singular present active indicative of deligere meaning to delegate 

erat- 3rd singular imperfect active indicative of esse meaning to be

Paragraph 4 common nouns:

dictionis- say

familiam- family

hominum- men

clientes- client

numerum- number 

Paragraph 3 common nouns:

permoti- to promote 

sementes- senate

conficiendas- confide

legationem- legislate 

populi- people

Paragraph 3-4 modifiers:

maximum- the most

maximas- the most

multos- many

maxime- the most

res- things

Paragraph 3-4 participles:

et- and

ut- and

ad- they

Ea- he,she,it,they

tres- three

Summaries

Chapter 1: It first describes the three different type of people, the Belgae, the Aquitani, and the Gauls. It also describes the Belgae to some extent. Then it explains the territories and their borders on which they live.

Chapter 2: This talks about the Helvetii and their leader Orgetorix. The Helvetii and confined to a small space because they are surrounded by mountains and a lake on all sides. Orgetorix convinces his people that they need to leave so they can grow.

Chapter 3: This talks about the Helvetii plan to get out of the situation they were in. Orgetorix goes around to the neighboring tribes and asks them for friendship so that they might let his people go through their land so that they can get where they need to go.

Chapter 4: The Helvetii hear of his plan by informant and do not agree with it. They put him on trial, where if he is condemned he will be burned. They believe Orgetorix kills himself

Chapter 5: After his death the people set out to new territories. They burned all their homes, and had some of their neighbors do the same.

Chapter 6: They plan to go through Romes Province to get where their going.

Chapter 7: Caesar rushes his men to the town of Geneva to stop them. They try telling him they only want to pass, and will do no harm. He tells them to wait while he thinks about it.

Chapter 8: The day came and Caesar had built up his fortifications so that there would be no way that they could cross. The Helvetii try and find ways around them but they can't get around his fortifications.

Chapter 9: The Helvetii decide to go the path through the Sequania territories. They send people to talk to their leader who had married Orgetorix's daughter, and who was friendly with the Helvetii. The Sequania decide to let them pass.

Chapter 10: When Caesar heard that the Helvetii were going a different way, that would eventually lead them through another part of Rome's province. He had his lieutenant stay at the river. So he could stop them at the other part f the province.

Chapter 11: The Helvetii started revenging the land, and the people's land who was being destroyed. Caesar decides not to wait for them so that they can't attack any more towns.

Chapter12: 3 of the 4 parts of the Helvetii people crossed the river , Caesar attacked the forth that remand on the other side of the river.  

Chapter 13: Divico try to say how if the Romans attack the Helvetii they would lose, and that Caesar had no valor for attacking the fourth that remand behind the rest of the people.

Chapter 14: Caesar thought of offering peace to them by the Helvetii giving the Romans some hostages, but the Helvetii refused.

Word Identification

2nd half of paragraph 1

praecedunt - 3rd, plural, present, active, indicative of praecere meaning to surpass
contendunt - 3rd, plural, present, active, indicative contenere meaing to hurl or shot
prohibent - 3rd plural present active indicative of prohibere meaing to prevent
gerunt - 3rd plural present acive indicative of gerere meaning to carry on
obtinere - present infinitive meaning to maintain
est - 3rd singular present active indicative of esay meaing to be

Verb parsing 1.2

fecit- 3rd singular perfect active indicative of faceri meaning to be made
persuasit- 3rd singular perfect active indicative of persuadere meaning to convince
exirent- 3rd plural imperfect active indicative of exire meaning to go
persuasit- 3rd singular perfect active indicative of persuadere
continentur- 3rd plural present passive indicative of continari meaning to be sustained
dividit- 3rd singular perfect active indicative of dividere meaning to divide
est- 3rd singular present active indicative of esse meaning to be
vagarentur- 3rd plural present passive indicative of vagari meaning to roam
possent- 3rd plural present active indicative of possere meaning to be able
adficiebantur- 3rd plural present passive indicative of adficeri meaning to be affected
habere- infinitive meaning to have or hold

Paragraph 3

constituerunt- 3rd plural present active indicative of constituere meaning to set up
pertinerent - 3rd plural present active indicative of pertinere meaning to reach
coemere - 1st singular present active infinitive meaning to buy
facere- 1st singular present active infinitive meaning to build
suppeteret- 3rd singular present active indicative of suppetere meaning to be equal to
esse- 1st, singular present active infinitive meaning to be 
duxerunt- 3rd plural perfect active indicative of ducere meaning to lead
confirmant- 3rd plural present active indicative of confirmare meaning to strengthen
deligitur- 3rd singular present passive indicative of deligere meaning to pick off
suscipit- 3rd singular perfect active indicative of suscipere meaning to undertake
itinere- 1st singular present active infinitive meaning to journey
filio- 

Map post

Translation check continued

[1] Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important, proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. Eorum una, pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.

[2] Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorix. Is M. Messala, [et P.] M. Pisone consulibus regni cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit et civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent: perfacile esse, cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potiri. Id hoc facilius iis persuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur: una ex parte flumine Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit; altera ex parte monte Iura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. His rebus fiebat ut et minus late vagarentur et minus facile finitimis bellum inferre possent; qua ex parte homines bellandi cupidi magno dolore adficiebantur. Pro multitudine autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque fortitudinis angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem milia passuum CCXL, in latitudinem CLXXX patebant.


They are persistant, what can contended with the Helvetii nature: one parte is divided by the Rheno river, and the Germanis divide the Helvetii; change is part of Iura, and the Helvetii is at the Sequanos; land is great at the Rhodano river, and divided by the Helvetii province. They have little war and little trouble; what is the same great cupid. With great multitude of glory and beauty also has strength, In longitude a minute past CCXL, in latitude CLXXX.  




Parsing: 
est- 3rd, singular, infinitive of esse meaning to be
incolunt - 3rd, plural, present active indicative of incolere
appellantur- 3rd plural present passive indicative of appelleri
differunt- 3rd, plural, present active indicative of differere meaning to be different
dividit- 3rd, singular, perfect active indicative of dividere meaing to divide 
sunt- 3rd, plural, present active indicative of esse meaing to be
absunt- 3rd, plural, present active indicative of absunere meaning to be absent
commeant- 3rd plural present active indicative of commere meaing to come
 important- 3rd plural present active indicative of importanere meaning to be important
incolunt- 3rd, plural present active indicative of incolere meaning 
gerunt- 3rd, plural present active indicative of gerere meaning to be able
pracedunt- 3rd, plural, present active indicative of precere
contendunt- 3rd plural present active indicative of contendere meaning to be against
prohibent- 3rd plural present active indicative of prohibere meaning to prohibit
oriuntur- 3rd plural present active indicative of oriuntur meaning 
spectant- 3rd plural present active indicative of specere
persuasit- 3rd singular present perfect indicative of persuaere meaning to persuad
exirent- 3rd plural present active indicative of exiere meaning to exit
praestarent- 3rd plural present active indicative of praestarere
vagarentur- 3rd plural present passive indicative of vagarenere
possent- 3rd, plural, present active indicative of possere meaning to have

Translation check

[1] Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important, proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. Eorum una, pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.

[2] Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorix. Is M. Messala, [et P.] M. Pisone consulibus regni cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit et civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent: perfacile esse, cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potiri. Id hoc facilius iis persuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur: una ex parte flumine Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit; altera ex parte monte Iura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. His rebus fiebat ut et minus late vagarentur et minus facile finitimis bellum inferre possent; qua ex parte homines bellandi cupidi magno dolore adficiebantur. Pro multitudine autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque fortitudinis angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem milia passuum CCXL, in latitudinem CLXXX patebant.

All of Gaul is divided into three parts, first of which is the Belgae, next Aqutani, last of which the Celtae, which make Gaul. All the languages, governments, and religions are different. The Aqutania are next to the Garumna river, the Sequana are divded by the Belgis Montrona. Among them the Belgae are the manliest, because they live the farthest from our province, little do they often trade with the merchants the things that feminise the soul, they live the closest to the Germans, across the Rhemun, where they wage battle daily. The helvetii are the manliest among the Gauls, because they fight their border are contending against the Germans, there for they fight battle daily. Their borders are  from Central Gaul, touch the Rohando river, up to the Garumna river, to the central ocean, ending at the Belgarum, across the Rhenum river from the Helvetii is the Sequnia. The Belgae extend from Gaul, to the lower Rheni river. The Aqunia are from the Garumna river to the Pyrenaeos mountains to the ocean and down to Spain.

Among the Helvetii Ogeterix is the most noble and the richest. In the time when M. Messala, and  M. Pisone were consuls he went after more power and wealth to extend his borders: to achieve more manliness amoung all the people, through central Gaul.   

All of these tribes differ between each other with regard to language institution and law. The Galahad river  divides the Gaul from the Aquatani and the Matrona and Sequana. All of these people in Belgae were strong, therefore what a civilization but human nature is long absent when conquering, often the merchants visit there but not enough, who comes in and reaches to the weakened soul, their neighbor is Germanis, who dwell across rehenum who maintain and carry on warfare.

Synopsis of Julius Caesar and the Gallic Wars

     The three major parts to the Gallic wars is the campaign  against the Helvetii, The war against the Suebi, and the Punitive expeditions. In 61 B.C. the Helvetii were planning a mass migration, because their lands were being encroached by their northern neighbors. As they moved south their leader made many alliances with other barbaric factions. Orgetorix their leader had summoned up a size able force of 10,000 men. Orgetorix was later slain in a dispute in his own encampment. They departed for the long planed for migration on the 28th of march. When caesar heard of this he quickly went to oppose them, and meet them at the Rhone river bridge. The Helvetii sent over an emissary promiseing they would do no harm. Caesar used this to stall so that his men could build up fortifications. When they finished Caesar refused their requests and told them that any forceful atempt to cross would be opposed. Caesar Quickly left for Gaul and took command of three legions and enlisted two more. He used the quickest route to get there. When he arrived he surprised the Helvetii and defeated one quarter that hadn't crossed the river. The Halvetii disrupted the romans supplies and turned the table. The romans chose a hill near the town of Bibracte to make their stand. Romans eventually won and sent them back to their homes as a buffer to prevent the Germanic tribes from heading down south.
     After that their was a conflict between the Audui and the Arvern. there were Germanic mercenaries that had been hired, but they turned on their employers. They had gotten heavily reinforced and the situation was getting out of control . So Caesar intervened and beat them at the battle of Vosges. In 57 B.C. Caesar intervened again with Gallic affairs and came close to defeat from a surprise attack at the battle of the Sabis.
     In 56 B.C. a sea fairing people had built a fleat which required the Romans to build galleys. Caesar again defeated the tribes. In 55 B.C Caesar took his men on a Punitive Expeditions. F irst he went against the Germans, but never engaged in battle. The a similar onee was mounted against the Britons. When He arrived the meat an unexpected sight of massed Chariots. He would leave and come back in 54 B.C. with a much larger force. He successfully defeated them making them pay tribute to Rome.  

Exam Translations

1.The building formerly royal Aeginam, where his own name is seen by his mothers name Aeaci, where if joined in love. Juno, where bad habit Jupiter never able to bear, these facts understand and remember support. After many years each thing in the island Aegina live annihilation dismissed. " Oh Father Jupiter" Aeacus called "Juno all my people destroy! Help me, I son you, what love and what neglect not owed" God is listening and allowing delay to begin into human change and so Jupiter nothing who is too much difficulty, men and women compose small because living creatures. (Veritatemne says, can it not be?) Son Aeaci to be Peleus, whos son to be that Achilles, leader of Myrmidonum.

2. Oh human kind, death is beyond fear! Why danger fear death, every change flows nothing to true death come.  The souls wanders and into other mixes of people; nor remain, nor dare form keep, but in form new change. Life is a stream; time to fly and to be new always. People always change; those who do or don't after, tommorow will.

3. Hello, oh the fair! Our friend Peleus great discussion to be held; Nymph Thetidem in marriage lead. You therefore I'd love to name Thessaliam. Expect good play and pleasant food. Owe however from this danger remain: 1. Because Peleus is mortal, his spirit frightens very much powerful to be looked at. 2. Who dared without a grant, I will punish. Read noble offering who praised by all men who seem to walk.You only, oh goddess of discord, no call, for no one is loved. If only to come, each god in Olympus anger move.                 

Final Exam

Verbs:
ceperat- 3rd, singular, present, active indicative of cepere
iunxerat- 3rd singular present active indicative of iunxere
potuerat- 3rd singular present active indicative of potere
vivebant- 3rd plural imperfect active indicative of vivere
audivit- 3rd, singular perfect active indicative of audere meaning to call

timet- 3rd, singular, present active indicative of timere to to frighten
mutantur- 3rd, plural present passive indicative of muteri meaning to be change
venit- 3rd, singular, perfect active indicative of venere
servat- 3rd singular present active indicative of servere
erimus- 2nd singular present active indicative of erire

habet- 3rd singular present active indicative of habere meaning to have or hold
igitur- 3rd, singular present passive indicative of igiteri meaning to be annoyed
mortalis est-3rd singular present passive indicative of mortaeri meaning to be mortal
videbimur- 1st plural future passive indicative of videri meaning to be seen
negleget- 3rd, singular present active indicative of neglere meaing to neglect

igitur- 3rd, singular present passive indicative of igiteri meaning to be annoyed
scriptae erant- 3rd plural present passive indicative of scriperi meaning to write
debet- 3rd singular present active indicative of debere meaning to owe
movebitur- 3rd singular future passive indicative of moveri meaning to be changed
amore est- 3rd singular present passive indicative of amorere meaning to be loved

audivit- 3rd, singular perfect active indicative of audere meaning to call
vires erant- 3rd plural present passive indicative of virere meaning to be strong
duxerat- 3rd, singular imperfect active indicative of duxere meaning to be many
dederat- 3rd, singular imperfect active indicative of dedere to dare
poterat- 3rd, singular imperfect active indicative of potere meaning to be able

Nouns:
amore- love
memoeria- memory
post- after
mortem- mortal
Multos- many

humanum- human
mortem- mortal
animus- life
corpora- body
formas- form, shape

Magna- great
bonos- good
mortalis- mortal
animus- life
ominbus- powerful

Dea- goddess
vocata- word
scriptae- writing
Itaque- Italy
sententia- sentence

Factis- fact
Graecum- Greece
Misero- misery
graves- grave, important
libertatus- freedom

Quiz

1. levis-
2. admitto
3.coepi
4. cupio
5. deleo
6. flumen
7. hostis
8. scientia
9. legere
10. movere
11. Auctor
12. familia
13. iudex
14. scelus
15. gravis
16. libero
17. genu
18. senatus
19. spiritus
20. versus
21. dexter
22. sinister
23. defendo
24. discedo
25. prohibeo

The Aged playwright

How much intellect old men do hold. If eagerness seriousness then their knowledge a wisdom remains. 

Sophocles that Greek writer, did his tragedies in his great old age;but on account of his studies he seemed to neglect his family and he was called into court by his sons. Then the author had with him such a tragedy and at the same time he wrote Oedipum Coloneum at the same time he recei. When   

Circus Maximus

17-20 Parsing

Chapter 17
1. commisi- 1st singular perfect active indicative of commisere meaning to join
2. navigabat- 3rd singular imperfect active indicative of navigarere meaning to navigate
3. neglegunt- 3rd singular present active indicative of neglere meaning to neglect
4. dat- 3rd singular present active indicative of darere meaning to dare
5. coepit- 3rd singular perfect active indicative of coepere meaning to deal with or cope
6. habet- 3rd singular present active indicative of habere meaning to have or hold
7. amat- 3rd singular present active indicative of amare meaning to love
8. est-3rd singular present active indicative of esse meaning to be
9. adiuvat- 3rd, singular, present active indicative of adiuvere meaning to hear
10. valere- infinitive meaning to be strong
11. potest- 3rd singular present active indicative of posere meaning to be able
12. possunt- 3rd plural present active indicative of possere meaning to be able
13. meliores- 2nd singular present active indicative of melioere meaning to be calm

Chapter 18
14. possunt- 3rd, plural present active indicative of possere meaning to be able
15. videntur- 3rd, plural, present passive indicative of videri meaning to be seen
16. terrentur- 3rd, plural, present passive indicative of terreri meaning to be terrified
17. sunt- 3rd, plural, present active indicative of esse meaning to be
18. omnium- 1st, singular, present active indicative of omninere meaning to see
19. est- 3rd, singular, present active indicative of esse meaning to be
20. potest- 3rd, singular, present active indicative of possere meaning to be able
21. doceri- 1st singular perfect passive indicative meaning to be taught
22. teneor- 1st, singular present passive indicative of teneri meaning to be frightened
23. est- 3rd, singular present active indicative of esse meaning to be
24. saluto- st, singular, present, active indicative of salutare meaning to greet
25. admitto- 1st, singular, present active indicative of admitere meaning to admit
26. veniunt- 3rd, plural, present active indicative of veniere meaning to
26. corporidatur- 3rd, singular present passive indicative of coporieri meaning to be bought
27. est- 3rd, singular present active indicative of esse meaning to be
28. habetur- 3rd, singular present passive indicative of haberi meaning to be held
29. potest- 3rd, singular present active indicative of possere meaning to be able
30. commiscetur- 3rd, singular, present passive indicative of commiceri meaning to be called
31. movetur- 3rd, singular, present passive indicative of moveri meaning to be moved or changed
32. laudatur- 3rd, singular, present, passive indicative of lauderi meaning to be praised
33. culpatur- 3rd, singular presnt passive indicative of culperi meaning to be grown
33. laudatur- 3rd, singular, present, passive indicative of lauderi meaning to be praised
34. alget- 3rd singular present active indicative of algere meaning to be cold

Chapter 19
35. est- 3rd, singular present active indicative of esse meaning to be
36. est- 3rd, singular present active indicative of esse meaning to be
37. visa sunt- 3rd, plural present active indicative of visa esse meaning
38. facere- infinitive meaning to have
39. debemus- 1st, plural, presnt active indicative of debere meaning to owe
40. sum- 1st, singular presnt active indicative of esse meaning to be
41. vivimus- 1st, plural, present active indicative of vivere meaning to hear
42. habemus- 1st, plural present active indicative of habere meaning to have or hold
43. videmus- 1st, plural, present active indicative of videre meaning to see
44. sunt- 3rd, plural, present active indicative of esse meaning to be
45. tenent- 3rd, plural present active indicative of tenere meaning to be frightened
46. parantur- 3rd, plural, present passive indicative of pareri- meaning
47. sunt- 3rd, plural, present active indicative of esse meaning to be
48. poteurunt- 3rd, plural, present active indicative of potere meaning to be able

Chapter 20
49. defendunt- 3rd, plural, present, active indicative of defendere meaning to ward off
50. privavit- 3rd, singular, perfect, active indicative of privare meaning to deprive
51. liberavit- 3rd, singular, perfect, active indicative of liberere meaning to free
52. pronuntiabat- 3rd, singular, present active indicative of pronuntiere meaning to pronounce
53. caret- 3rd, singular present active indicative of carere meaning to care for
54. longe- 1st, singualr, present, acitve indicative meaning to be away
55. accusator- 3rd, singular, present passive indicative of accusateri meaning to blame
56. caret- 3rd, singular present active indicative of carere meaning to care for
57. peccavimus- 1st, plural, present active indicative of peccavere meaning to sin
58. vacare- infinitive meaning to free from
59. potest- 3rd, singular present active indicative of possere meaning to be able
60. est- 3rd, singular present active indicative of esse meaning to be
61. carere- infinitive meaning to care for
62. eget- 3rd, singular present active indicative of egere meaning to need
63. miscebant- 3rd plural imperfect active indicative of miscere meaning to mix
64. erant- 3rd, plural present active indicative of esse meaning to be

Sententiae Antique chapter 20

1. Stag's horns defend them from danger
2. Oedipus was deprived of two eyes
3. Themistocles freed Persian slaves of Greece
4. Demosthenes said many verses in one breath
5.Persian equipment was hated
6. That community feeling is absent
7. Senate we deprives one pleasure neither long or away by your death
8.No one accused is absent of blame; all men have sinned
9. No one can part life to be free from their obligations
10. Strength is the first absent of fault
11. Men bow free from

Hydra

The Hydra was gigantic 9 headed water serpent, that haunted the swamps of Lerna. Hercules was sent to destroy her as one of his twelve labors. For each of the heads he cut off two more took their place. He had to apply burning brands to the stumps of the decapitated heads preventing regeneration. A giant crab came to help the hydra. They both were defeated and put into the stars. We now know them as Cancer the crab, and the Hydra.    

Bellerophontes

Bellerophontes was one of the greatest of the Greek heroes. he was born in Corinth. His father was Poseidon and mother wwas the queen of Corinth .When he was young he captured a winged horse or Pegasus as it drank from the towns water. He was later exiled for the murder of a relative. He traveled to the court of King Proitos in Argos. There the Queen Stheneboia fell in love with him. When he turned her down she went to the king and told him that Bellerophontes tried to violate her. Proitos sent him to king Iobates in Lykia with an enclosed letter which made a request that the boy be put to death. Iobates was reluctant so he sent Bellerophontes to kill the fire breathing Chimera which was revenging the land. He succeeded and returned alive. The King then sent him to kill the Solymoi tribe, and then the Amazons. And yet again he was victorious. The King finally told his to ambush and kill the boy, but Bellerophontes slewed them all. The king then realized that Bellerophontes was the son of a god. He welcomed him into his house as son-in-law and heir. That was not good enough for Bellerophontes, so he decided to ride up to heaven on his Pegasus. This greatly angered Zeus, so he sent gladfly to sting the horse. This caused the horse to buck and send Bellerophontes back down to earth. He would wander earth hated by both men and gods. 




   

Chapter 19

 1. Identify and parse 5 verbs in paragraph on 121
mutantur- 3rd, plural, present, passive, indicative of mutanteri meaning to be changed
fluunt- 3rd, plural, present, active, indicative fluere meaning to flow
venit- 3rd, singular, perfect, indicative of venere meaning to come
miscetur- 3rd, singular, present, passive, indicative of misceri meaning to be mixed
manet- 3rd, singular, present, active, indicative of manere meaning to remain

5 verb parse in Ceicero parapgraph
tenent- 3rd, plural, present, active, indicative of tenere meaning to fear
remanent- 3rd, plural, present, active, indicative of remanere meaning to remain
manent- 3rd, plural, present, active, indicative of manere meaning to remain
neglegere- infinitive meaning to disregard
vocatus est- 3rd, singular, present active, indicative of vocari meaning to be called

2. Translate sententiae antique 120 1-3
   1) Possunt quia posse videntur
They are able because they seem to be able
   2) Etiam Fortes viri subitis periculis saepe terrentur
Even strong men often fear sudden danger
   3) Tua consilia sunt clara nobis; teneris scientia horum civium omnium
We see your plan clearly; you will hold the knowledge of all these citizens

3. Translate sententiae Antigue 126 1-3
1) What is the nature of the soul? It is mortal
2) These arguments were seen grave and certain
3) What ought we to do about these men and their crimes
4. Give 4 strong reasons why you'd suggest to take Latin
My first reason is that it has greatly improved my vocabulary skills in English
Another Reason is that you become really close friends with the students in your class
Also you don't only learn about the language you learn where it came from and the culture that it came from
Finally It will help in the future in learning other languages that have derived from Latin 

Four principle parts of a verb

Do- 1st, singular, present, active indicative

Dare- infinitive

Dedi- 1st, singular perfect active indicative

Datum- passive participle

Erro- 1st, singular, present, active, indicative

Errare- infinitive

Erravi- 1st, singular, perfect

Erratum- passive participle

Laudo- 1st, singular, present, active, indicative

Laudare- infinitive

Laudavi- 1st, singular, prefect active indicative

Laudatum- passive participle

Moneo- 1st, singular, present, active, indicative

Monere- infinitive

Monui- 1st, singular, perfect active indicative

Monitum- passive, participle

Salveo- 1st, singular, present, active, indicative

Salvere- infinitive

Salve- 1st, singular, perfect active indicative

Salvete- passive participle

Servo- 1st, singular, present, active, indicative

Servare- infinitive

Servavi- 1st, singular, perfect

Servatum- passive participle

Consvero- 1st, singular, present, active, indicative

Conservare- infinitive

Conservavi- 1st, singular, perfect active indicative

Conservatum- passive participle

Terreo- 1st, singular, present, active, indicative

Terrere- infinitive

Terrui- 1st, singular, perfect active indicative

Territum- passive participle

Valeo- 1st, singular, present, active, indicative

Valere- infinitive

Valui- 1st, singular, perfect active indicative

Valiturum- passive participle

Video- 1st, singular, present, active, indicative

Videre- infinitive

Vidi- 1st, singular, perfect active indicative

Visum- passive participle

Voco- 1st, singular, present, active, indicative

Vocare- infinitive

Vocavi- 1st, singular, perfect active indicative

Vocatum - passive participle

Habeo- 1st, singular, present, active, indicative

Habere- infinitive

Habui- 1st, singular, perfect active indicative

Habitum- passive participle

Iuvo- 1st, singular, present, active, indicative

Iuvare- infinitive

Iuvi- 1st, singular, perfect active indicative

Iutum- passive participle

Sum- 1st, singular, present, active, indicative

Esse- infinitive

Fui- 1st, singular, perfect active indicative

Futurum- passive participle

Remaneo- 1st, singular, present, active, indicative

Remanere- infinitive

Remansi - 1st singular perfect active indicative

Remansum- passive participle

Maneo- 1st, singular, present, active, indicative

Manere- infinitive

Mansi- 1st, singular perfect active indicative

Mansum- passive participle

Audeo- 1st, singular, present, active, indicative

Audere- infinitive

Ausus sum- 1st, singular, perfect active indicative