Ancient Math Problem- Babylonian

It was a normal day in the market when a man came up to me with a very valuable piece of art that i had been looking for for many years. At first I offered him 20 gold. He said to me how about you multiply that by 2 and add 15. So I had to take out a piece of clay to solve this that the man had given me. So I started out with 20 marks on the clay. Then I made another 20 marks below that to make 40. Then I had to add 15 to get my final answer of 55 gold pieces. But then the man said I want half of that total product added on to the price. So I knew I had 55 gold pieces, then I tool the two 20s and took half of them to get another 20. But then I needed to take half of 15 which is 7.5. When you add that sum with the next sum on the clay you get 82.5 gold pieces for his piece of art which is 27 and a half fingers if you go by the three knuckles.

Roman Battles in the 5th Century AD

• 402 6 April - Battle of Pollentia - Stilicho stymies the Visigoths under Alaric.
• 402 June - Battle of Verona - Stilicho again defeats Alaric, who withdraws from Italy.
• 406 31 December - Battle of Mainz - between the Franks "foederati" and an alliance of Vandals, Suevi and Alans.
• 410 24 August - Sack of Rome - Visigoths under Alaric sack Rome.
• 432 - Battle of Ravenna - Bonifacius defeats rival Roman general Flavius Aëtius, but is mortally wounded in the process.
• 436 - Battle of Narbonne - Flavius Aëtius again defeats the Visigoths under Theodoric I.
• 447 - Battle of the Utus - The East Romans narrowly repulse the attack of Attila the Hun in an indecisive battle.
• 451 June - Battle of Châlons - The Romans under General Flavius Aëtius, and Visigoths under King Theodoric I, repulse the attack of Attila the Hun. Theodoric is killed in the battle.
• 455 - Sack of Rome by Geiseric, King of the Vandals
• 486 - Battle of Soissons - Clovis I defeats Syagrius, last Roman commander in Gaul, and annexes the Roman rump state into the Frankish realm.
• 493 - Battle of Mons Badonicus - Romano-British under Ambrosius Aurelianus decisively defeat the Anglo-Saxon invaders.

Roman Battles in the 4th century AD (part II)

• 357 - Battle of Strasbourg - Julian expels the Alamanni from the Rhineland
• 359 - Battle of Amida - Sassanids capture Amida from Romans
• 363 - Battle of Ctesiphon - Emperor Julian defeats Shapur II of Persia outside the walls of the Persian capital, but is unable to take the city, and his death leads to an ultimate disaster on the retreat back to Roman territory.
• 366 - Battle of Thyatira - The army of the Roman emperor Valens defeats the usurper Procopius.
• 367 - Battle of Solicinium - Romans under Emperor Valentinian I defeat yet another Alamanni incursion.
• 377 - Battle of the Willows - Roman troops fight an inconclusive battle against the Goths
• 378 -
• Battle of Argentovaria - Western Emperor Gratianus is victorious over the Alamanni, yet again.
• 9 August - Battle of Adrianople - Thervings under Fritigern defeat and kill the Eastern Emperor Valens
• 380 - Battle of Thessalonica - The new Eastern Emperor, Theodosius I, is also defeated by the Thervings under Fritigern.
• 388 - Battle of the Save - Emperor Theodosius I defeats the usurper Magnus Maximus.
• 394, 6 September - Battle of the Frigidus - Theodosius I defeats and kills the usurper Eugenius and his Frankish magister militum Arbogast.

Roman Battles in the 4th century AD

• 312 -
• Battle of Turin - Constantine I defeats forces loyal to Maxentius.
• Battle of Verona - Constantine I defeats more forces loyal to Maxentius.
• 28 October - Battle of Milvian Bridge - Constantine I defeats Maxentius and takes control of Italy.
• 313, 30 October - Battle of Tzirallum - In the eastern part of the Empire, the forces of Licinius defeat Maximinus.
• 314, 8 October - Battle of Cibalae - Constantine defeats Licinius
• 316 - Battle of Mardia - Constantine again defeats Licinius, who cedes Illyricum to Constantine.
• 324 -
• 3 July - Battle of Adrianople - Constantine defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium
• July - Battle of the Hellespont - Flavius Julius Crispus, son of Constantine, defeats the naval forces of Licinius
• 18 September - Battle of Chrysopolis - Constantine decisively defeats Licinius, establishing his sole control over the empire.
• 344 - Battle of Singara - Emperor Constantius II fights an indecisive battle against King Shapur II of Persia (approximate date)
• 351 - Battle of Mursa Major - Emperor Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius
• 353 - Battle of Mons Seleucus - Final defeat of Magnentius by Constantius II
• 356 - Battle of Reims - Caesar Julian is defeated by the Alamanni

Roman Battles in the 3rd century AD (part II)

• 271 -
• Battle of Placentia - Emperor Aurelian is defeated by the Alamanni forces invading Italy
• Battle of Fano - Aurelian defeats the Alamanni, who begin to retreat from Italy
• Battle of Pavia (271) - Aurelian destroys the retreating Alamanni army.
• 272 -
• Battle of Immae - Aurelian defeats the army of Zenobia of Palmyra
• Battle of Emesa - Aurelian decisively defeats Zenobia.
• 274 - Battle of Châlons (274) - Aurelian defeats the Gallic usurper Tetricus, reestablishing central control of the whole empire.
• 285 - Battle of the Margus - The usurper Diocletian defeats the army of the Emperor Carinus, who is killed.
• 296 - Battle of Callinicum - Romans under the Caesar Galerius are defeated by the Persians under Narseh.
• 298 -
• Battle of Lingones - Caesar Constantius Chlorus defeats the Alamanni
• Battle of Vindonissa - Constantius again defeats the Alamanni

Roman Battles in the 3rd century AD

• 217 - Battle of Nisibis (217) - Bloody stalemate between the Parthians and the Roman army under Emperor Macrinus.
• 218, 18 June - Battle of Antioch - Varius Avitus defeats Emperor Macrinus to claim the throne under the name Elagabalus.
• 238 - Battle of Carthage (238) - Troops loyal to the Roman Emperor Maximinus Thrax defeat and kill his successor Gordian II.
• 243 - Battle of Resaena - Roman forces under Gordian III defeat the Persians under Shapur I.
• 250 - Battle of Philippopolis - King Cuiva of the Goths defeats a Roman army.
• 251, 1 July - Battle of Abrittus - Goths defeat and kill the Roman Emperors Decius and Herennius Etruscus
• 259 - Battle of Mediolanum -Emperor Gallienus decisively defeats the Alamanni that invaded Italy
• 260 - Battle of Edessa - King Shapur I of Persia defeats and captures the Roman Emperor Valerian
• 268 - Battle of Naissus - Emperor Gallienus and his generals Claudius and Aurelian decisively defeat the Goths.
• 268 - Battle of Lake Benacus - Romans under Emperor Claudius II defeat the Alamanni

Roman Battles in the 2nd century AD

• 101 - Battle of Tapae - Trajan defeats Decebalus, with heavy losses.
• 102 - Battle of Tropheum Traiani - Adamclisi. Roman forces led by Trajan annihilate a mixed Dacian-Roxolano-Sarmatae army, with heavy casualties on the Roman side.
• 106 - Battle of Sarmisegetuza - A Roman army led by Trajan conquers and destroys the Dacian capital.
• 170 - Battle of Carnuntum - Marcomannic King Ballomar defeats the Roman Army and invade Italy .
• 179 or 180 - Battle of Laugaricio - Marcus Valerius Maximianus defeats the Quadi in Slovakia .
• 180 - Praetorian Prefect Teratenius Paternus defeats the Quadi .
• 193 -
• Battle of Cyzicus - Septimius Severus, the new Emperor, defeats his eastern rival Pescennius Niger
• Battle of Nicaea - Severus again defeats Niger
• 194 - Battle of Issus (194) - Severus finally defeats Niger.
• 197, 17 February - Battle of Lugdunum - Emperor Septimius Severus defeats and kills his rival Clodius Albinus, securing full control over the Empire.

Roman Battles in the 1st Century AD (part II)

• 61 - Battle of Watling Street - The uprising of the British queen Boudica against the Romans is defeated by Suetonius Paullinus
• 62 - Battle of Rhandeia - Romans under Lucius Caesennius Paetus are defeated by a Parthian-Armenian army under King Tiridates of Parthia.
• 66 - Battle of Beth-Horon - Jewish forces led by Eleazar ben Simon defeat a Roman punitive force led by Cestius Gallus, Governor of Syria
• 69 -
• Winter - Battle of 'Forum Julii' Othonian forces defeat a small group of Vitellianist auxiliaries in Gallia Narbonensis
• 14 April - Battle of Bedriacum - Vitellius, commander of the Rhine armies, defeats Emperor Otho and seizes the throne.
• 24 October - Second Battle of Bedriacum - Forces under Antonius Primus, the commander of the Danube armies, loyal to Vespasian, defeat the forces of Emperor Vitellius.
• 84 - Battle of Mons Graupius. Romans under Gnaeus Julius Agricola defeat the Caledonians.

Roman Battles in the 1st Century AD

• 9, September - Battle of the Teutoburg Forest - German leader Arminius defeats the three Roman legions under the command of general Publius Quinctilius Varus; it is considered to be one of the worst defeats in their military history and an end to expansion into the frontier.
• 16 - Battle of the Weser River Legions under Germanicus defeat German tribes of Arminius
• 43 - Battle of the Medway - Claudius and general Aulus Plautius defeat a confederation of British Celtic tribes. Roman invasion of Britain begins
• 50 - Battle of Caer Caradoc - British chieftain Caractacus is defeated and captured by the Romans under Ostorius Scapula.
• 58 - Sack of Artaxata by Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo during the Roman–Parthian War over Armenia
• 59 - Capture of Tigranocerta by Corbulo.
• 60 - Battle of Camulodunum - Boudica begins her uprising against the Romans by capturing and then sacking Camulodunum (modern day Colchester) then moves on Londinium (London).

Roman Battles in the 1st Century BC (part III)

• 46 BC -
• 4 January - Battle of Ruspina - Caesar loses perhaps as much as a third of his army to Titus Labienus
• 6 February - Battle of Thapsus - Caesar defeats the Pompeian army of Metellus Scipio in North Africa.
• 45 BC 17 March - Battle of Munda - In his last victory, Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Gnaeus Pompey the Younger in Hispania. Labienus is killed in the battle and the Younger Pompey captured and executed.
• 43 BC -
• 14 April - Battle of Forum Gallorum - Antony, besieging Caesar's assassin Decimus Brutus in Mutina, defeats the forces of the consul Pansa, who is killed, but is then immediately defeated by the army of the other consul, Hirtius
• 21 April - Battle of Mutina II - Antony is again defeated in battle by Hirtius, who is killed. Although Antony fails to capture Mutina, Decimus Brutus is murdered shortly thereafter.
• 42 BC -
• 3 October - First Battle of Philippi - Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's assassins Marcus Brutus and Cassius. Although Brutus defeats Octavian, Antony defeats Cassius, who commits suicide.
• 23 October - Second Battle of Philippi - Brutus's army is decisively defeated by Antony and Octavian. Brutus escapes, but commits suicide soon after.
• 41 BC - Battle of Perugia - Mark Antony's brother Lucius Antonius and his wife Fulvia are defeated by Octavian.
• 36 BC - Battle of Naulochus - Octavian's fleet, under the command of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa defeats the forces of the rebel Sextus Pompeius.
• 31 BC, 2 September - Battle of Actium - Octavian decisively defeats Antony and Cleopatra in a naval battle near Greece
• 11 BC - Battle of the Lupia River - Roman forces under Augustus's stepson Drusus win a victory in Germany.

Roman Battles in the 1st Century BC (part II)

• 58 BC -
• June - Battle of the Arar (Saône) - Caesar defeats the migrating Helvetii
• July - Battle of Bibracte - Caesar again defeats the Helvetians, this time decisively.
• September - Caesar decisively defeats the forces of the Germanic chieftain Ariovistus near modern Belfort
• 57 BC -
• Battle of the Axona (Aisne) - Caesar defeats the forces of the Belgae under King Galba of Suessiones.
• Battle of the Sabis (Sambre) - Caesar defeats the Nervii
• 53 BC - Battle of Carrhae - Roman triumvir Crassus is disastrously defeated and killed by the Parthians. Crassus has molten gold poured down his throat by his captors. Starts the 500 years of Roman-Persian Wars.
• 52 BC - Battle of Alesia - Caesar defeats the Gallic rebel Vercingetorix, completing the Roman conquest of Gallia Comata.
• 49 BC -
• June - Battle of Ilerda - Caesar's army surround Pompeian forces and cause them to surrender.
• 24 August - Battle of the Bagradas River - Caesar's general Gaius Curio is defeated in North Africa by the Pompeians under Attius Varus and King Juba I of Numidia. Curio commits suicide.
• 48 BC -
• 10 July - Battle of Dyrrhachium - Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat by Pompey in Macedonia
• 9 August - Battle of Pharsalus - Caesar decisively defeats Pompey, who flees to Egypt
• 47 BC -
• February - Battle of the Nile - Caesar defeats the forces of the Egyptian king Ptolemy XIII
• May - Battle of Zela - Caesar defeats Pharnaces II of Pontus. This is the battle where he famously said Veni, vidi, vici. (I came, I saw, I conquered.)

Roman Battles in the 1st Century BC

• 89 BC -
• Battle of Fucine Lake - Roman forces under Lucius Porcius Cato are defeated by the Italian rebels in the Social War
• Battle of Asculum - Roman army of C. Pompeius Strabo decisively defeats the rebels in the Social War.
• 86 BC - Battle of Chaeronea - Roman forces of Lucius Cornelius Sulla defeat the Pontic forces of Archelaus in the First Mithridatic Wari
• 85 BC - Battle of Orchomenus - Sulla again defeats Archelaus in the decisive battle of the First Mithridatic War.
• 83 BC - Battle of Mount Tifata - Sulla defeats the popular forces of Caius Norbanus in the First Roman Civil War.
• 82 BC - Battle of Colline Gate - Sulla defeats Samnites allied to the popular party in Rome in the decisive battle of the Civil War.
• 80 BC - Battle of the Baetis River - Rebel forces under Quintus Sertorius defeat the legal Roman forces of Lucius Fulfidias in Hispania.
• 74 BC - Battle of Cyzicus - Roman forces under Lucius Lucullus defeat the forces of Mithridates VI of Pontus
• 72 BC - Battle of Cabira - Lucullus again defeats Mithridates, overrunning Pontus
• 72 BC - Battle of Picenum - Slave Revolt led by Spartacus defeat a Roman army led by Gellius Publicola and Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus
• 72 BC - Battle of Mutina I - Slave Revolt led by Spartacus defeat another army of Romans.
• 71 BC - Battle of Campania - Slave Revolt led by Spartacus defeat a Roman army.
• 71 BC - Battle of Campania II - a Roman army under Marcus Crassus defeat Spartacus's army of slaves.
• 71 BC - Battle of Silarus River - Marcus Crassus defeats the army of Spartacus.
• 69 BC - Battle of Tigranocerta - Lucullus defeats the army of Tigranes II of Armenia, who was harbouring his father-in-law Mithridates VI of Pontus
• 68 BC - Battle of Artaxata - Lucullus again defeats Tigranes.
• 66 BC - Battle of the Lycus - Pompey the Great decisively defeats Mithridates VI, effectively ending the Third Mithridatic War
• 62 BC, January - Battle of Pistoria - The forces of the conspirator Catiline are defeated by the loyal Roman armies under Gaius Antonius.

Roman Battles in the 2nd Century BC (part II)

• 181 BC - Battle of Manlian Pass - Romans under Fulvius Flaccus defeat an army of Celtiberians.
• 171 BC - Battle of Callicinus - Perseus of Macedon defeats a Roman army under Publius Licinius Crassus.
• 168 BC, 22 June - Battle of Pydna - Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus defeat and capture Macedonian King Perseus, ending the Third Macedonian War
• 148 BC - Second battle of Pydna - The forces of the Macedonian pretender Andriscus are defeated by the Romans under Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus in the decisive engagement of the Fourth Macedonian War
• 146 BC -
• Battle of Carthage ends: Scipio Africanus Minor captures and destroys Carthage, ending the Third Punic War
• Battle of Corinth - Romans under Lucius Mummius defeat the Achaean League forces of Critolaus, who is killed. Corinth is destroyed and Greece comes under direct Roman rule.
• 109 BC - Battle of the Rhone River - Roman force under Marcus Junius Silanus are defeated by the Helvetii
• 108 BC - Battle of the Muthul - Roman forces under Caecilius Metellus fight indecisively against the forces of Jugurtha of Numidia
• 107 BC - Battle near Burdigala - Roman forces under Lucius Cassius Longinus are defeated by the Helvetii
• 105 BC, 6 October - Battle of Arausio - Cimbri inflict a major defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus
• 102 BC - Battle of Aquae Sextiae (modern Aix-en-Provence)- Romans under Gaius Marius defeat Teutons, with mass suicides among the captured women
• 101 BC - Battle of Vercellae - Romans under Gaius Marius defeat the Cimbri, who are entirely annihilated.

Roman Battles in the 2nd Century BC

• 198 BC - Battle of the Aous - Roman forces under Titus Quinctius Flamininus defeat the Macedonians under Philip V
• 197 BC - Battle of Cynoscephalae - Romans under Flamininus decisively defeats Philip in Thessaly
• 194 BC -
• Battle of Placentia - Roman victory over the Boian Gauls
• Battle of Gythium - With some Roman assistance, Philopoemen of the Achaean League defeats the Spartans under Nabis
• 193 BC - Battle of Mutina - Roman victory over the Boii, decisively ending the Boian threat.
• 191 BC - Battle of Thermopylae - Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio defeat Antiochus III the Great and force him to evacuate Greece
• 190 BC -
• Battle of the Eurymedon - Roman forces under Lucius Aemilius Regillus defeat a Seleucid fleet commanded by Hannibal, fighting his last battle.
• Battle of Myonessus - Another Seleucid fleet is defeated by the Romans
• December, Battle of Magnesia - (near Smyrna) Romans under Lucius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Scipio Africanus Major defeat Antiochus III the Great in the decisive victory of the war.
• 189 BC -
• Battle of Mount Olympus - Romans under Gnaeus Manlius Vulso allied with Attalus II of Pergamum deliver a crushing defeat to an army of Galatian Gauls
• Battle of Ancyra - Gnaeus Manlius Vulso and Attalus II defeat the Galatian Gauls again before Ancyra, in what was an almost identical repeat of the Battle of Mount Olympus.

Roman Battles in the 3rd century BC (part III)

• 215 BC - Second Battle of Nola - Marcellus again repulses an attack by Hannibal.
• 214 BC - Third Battle of Nola - Marcellus fights an inconclusive battle with Hannibal.
• 212 BC -
• First Battle of Capua - Hannibal defeats the consuls Q. Fulvius Flaccus and Appius Claudius, but the Roman army escapes
• Battle of the Silarus - Hannibal destroys the army of the Roman praetor M. Centenius Penula.
• Battle of Herdonia - Hannibal destroys the Roman army of the praetor Gnaeus Fulvius.
• 211 BC -
• Battle of the Upper Baetis - Publius and Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio are killed in battle with the Carthaginians under Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal Barca
• Second Battle of Capua - Hannibal is not able to break the Roman siege of the city.
• 210 BC -
• Second Battle of Herdonia - Hannibal destroys the Roman army of Fulvius Centumalus, who is killed
• Battle of Numistro - Hannibal defeats Marcellus once more
• 209 BC -
• Battle of Asculum - Hannibal once again defeats Marcellus, in an indecisive battle
• First Battle of Lamia - Romans defeated by Philip V of Macedon
• Second Battle of Lamia - Romans defeated by Philip V once more
• 208 BC - Battle of Baecula - Romans in Hispania (Iberia) under P. Cornelius Scipio the Younger defeat Hasdrubal Barca
• 207 BC -
• Battle of Grumentum - Roman general Gaius Claudius Nero fights an indecisive battle with Hannibal, then escapes north to confront Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal Barca, who has invaded Italy
• Battle of the Metaurus - Hasdrubal is defeated and killed by Nero's Roman army.
• Battle of Carmona - Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio besiege the city of Carmona and take it from Hasdrubal Gisco
• 206 BC - Battle of Ilipa - Scipio again decisively defeats the remaining Carthaginian forces in Hispania.
• 204 BC - Battle of Crotona - Hannibal fights a drawn battle against the Roman general Sempronius in Southern Italy.
• 203 BC - Battle of Bagbrades - Romans under Scipio defeat the Carthaginian army of Hasdrubal Gisco and Syphax. Hannibal is sent to return to Africa.
• 202 BC, 19 October - Battle of Zama - Scipio Africanus Major decisively defeats Hannibal in North Africa, ending the Second Punic War
• 200 BC - Battle of Cremona - Roman forces defeat the Gauls of Cisalpine Gaul

Roman Battles in the 3rd century BC (part II)

• 256 BC -
• Battle of Cape Ecnomus - A Carthaginian fleet under Hamilcar and Hanno is defeated in an attempt to stop a Roman invasion of Africa by Marcus Atilius Regulus.
• Battle of Adys - Romans under Regulus defeat the Carthaginians in North Africa
• 255 BC - Battle of Tunis - Carthaginians under Xanthippus, a Greek mercenary, defeat the Romans under Regulus, who is captured.
• 251 BC - Battle of Panormus - Carthaginian forces under Hasdrubal are defeated by the Romans under L. Caecilius Metellus.
• 249 BC - Battle of Drepana - Carthaginians under Adherbal defeat the fleet of Roman admiral Publius Claudius Pulcher.
• 242 BC - Battle of the Aegates Islands - Roman sea victory over the Carthaginians, ending the First Punic War
• 225 BC - Battle of Faesulae - Romans are defeated by the Gauls of Northern Italy.
• 224 BC - Battle of Telamon - Romans under Aemilius Papus and Gaius Atilius Regulus defeat the Gauls.
• 222 BC - Battle of Clastidium - Romans under Marcus Claudius Marcellus defeat the Gauls.
• 218 BC -
• Summer - Battle of Lilybaeum - First naval clash between the navies of Carthage and Rome during the Second Punic War.
• Fall - Battle of Cissa - Romans defeat Carthaginians near Tarraco and gain control of the territory north of the Ebro River.
• November - Battle of the Ticinus - Hannibal defeats the Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio the elder in a small cavalry fight.
• 18 December - Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal defeats the Romans under Tiberius Sempronius Longus with an ambush.
• 217 BC
• Spring - Battle of Ebro River - In a surprise attack, Romans defeat and capture the Carthaginian fleet in Hispania.
• 24 June - Battle of Lake Trasimene - In an ambush, Hannibal destroyed the Roman army of Gaius Flaminius, who is killed.
• Summer - Battle of Ager Falernus - Avoiding destruction with deceit, Hannibal escapes Fabius' trap in this small skirmish.
• 216 BC -
• 2 August - Battle of Cannae - Hannibal destroys the Roman army of Lucius Aemilius Paulus and Publius Terentius Varro in what is considered one of the great masterpieces of the tactical art.
• First Battle of Nola - Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus holds off an attack by Hannibal.

Roman Battles in the 3rd century BC (part I)

• 298 BC - Battle of Camerinum - Samnites defeat the Romans under Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus in the first battle of the Third Samnite War.
• 297 BC - Battle of Tifernum - Romans under Quintus Fabius Maximus and Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus defeat the Samnite army led by Gellius Statius
• 295 BC - Battle of Sentinum - Romans under Fabius Rullianus and Publius Decimus Mus defeat the Samnites and their Etruscan and Gallic allies, forcing the Etruscans, Gauls, and Umbrians to make peace
• 293 BC - Battle of Aquilonia - Romans decisively defeat the Samnites.
• 285 BC - Battle of Arretium - A Roman army under Lucius Caecilius is destroyed by the Gauls
• 283 BC - Battle of Lake Vadimo - A Roman army under P. Cornelius Dolabella defeats the Etruscans and Gauls.
• 282 BC - Battle of Populonia - Etruscan resistance to Roman domination of Italy is finally crushed.
• 280 BC - Battle of Heraclea - First engagement of Roman and Greek armies, the latter led by Pyrrhus of Epirus, who is victorious, but at great cost.
• 279 BC - Battle of Asculum - Pyrrhus again defeats the Romans but once again suffers significant casualties in the process.
• 275 BC - Battle of Beneventum - Inconclusive encounter between Pyrrhus and the Romans under Manius Curius.
• 261 BC - Battle of Agrigentum - Carthaginian forces under Hannibal Gisco and Hanno are defeated by the Romans, that attain control of most of Sicily.
• 260 BC –
• Battle of the Lipari Islands - A Roman naval force is defeated by the Carthaginians
• Battle of Mylae - A Roman naval force under C. Duillius defeats the Carthaginian fleet, giving Rome control of the western Mediterranean.
• 258 BC - Battle of Sulci - Minor Roman victory against the Carthaginian fleet near Sardinia.
• 257 BC - Battle of Tyndaris - Naval victory of Rome over Carthage in Sicilian waters.

Roman Battles in the 4th century BC

• 396 BC - Battle of Veii - Romans complete conquest of Etruscans
• 390 BC - Battle of Allia River - Gauls defeat the Romans, then sack Rome.
• 342 BC - Battle of Mount Gaurus - Roman general Marcus Valerius Corvus defeats the Samnites.
• 341 BC - Battle of Suessola - Roman consul Marcus Valerius Corvus defeats the Samnites once more.
• 339 BC - Battle of Vesuvius - Romans under P. Decius Mus and T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus defeat the rebellious Latins.
• 338 BC - Battle of Trifanum - Roman general T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus decisively defeats the Latins.
• 321 BC - Battle of the Caudine Forks - Romans under Spurius Postumius Albinus and T. Verturius Calvinus are defeated by the Samnites under Gaius Pontius.
• 316 BC - Battle of Lautulae - Romans are defeated by the Samnites.
• 310 BC - Battle of Lake Vadimo - Romans, led by dictator Lucius Papirius Cursor, defeat the Etruscans.
• 305 BC - Battle of Bovianum - Roman consuls M. Fulvius and L. Postumius decisively defeat the Samnites to end the Second Samnite War.

Marc Antony

Marc Antony was a Roman politician and general. He lived from January 14, 83 BC- August 1, 30 BC. Antony was a supporter to Caesar's rise to power. He established himself as one of the leading men in the Republic later in his life. In 54 B.C. Marc Antony became a member of the staff of o Caesar's armies in Gaul. He proved to be a competent military leader in the Gallic wars. He was raised by Caesar;s influence and followed  and supported him.

Rome Battle Time line in the 5th century BC

• 502 BC Battle of Pometia - the Latins won over the Romans, one of the consuls badly wounded.
• 496 BC Battle of Lake Regillus - Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis defeats the Latins, led by Tarquinius Superbus.
• 495 BC Battle of Aricia - consul Publius Servilius Priscus defeats the Aurunci.
• 482 BC Battle of Antium - the Volscians defeat consul Lucius Aemilius Mamercus.
• 482 BC Battle of Longula - consul Lucius Aemilius Mamercus defeats the Volscians the day after his defeat in the Battle of Antium.
• 480 BC Battle of Veii (480 BC) - consuls Marcus Fabius Vibulanus and Gnaeus Manlius Cincinnatus win heavy battle against Veians and their Etruscan allies. Consul Gnaeus Manlius Cincinnatus and former consul Quintus Fabius are slain.
• 477 BC Battle of the Cremera - All the Fabii except Quintus Fabius Vibulanus are killed in battle with the Veians
• 477 BC Battle of Temple of Hope - consul Gaius Horatius Pulvillus fights indecisive battle with the Etruscans
• 477 BC Battle of Colline Gate (477 BC) - consul Gaius Horatius Pulvillus has indecisive victory over the Etruscans soon after the Battle of Temple of Hope
• 458 BC Battle of Mons Algidus - Cincinnatus defeats the Aequi
• 446 BC Battle of Corbione - Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus leads Roman troops to defeat the Aequi and the Volsci.

Romulus and Remus

Romulus and Remus were the origanal founders rome accoriding to mythology. In the myth there were twin sons Vestal Virgin Reha Silva, and fathered by Mars the god of war. According to Plutarch and Livy, Romulus was the first King of Rome. Romulus became King of Rome because he killed his brother Remus with a shovel.

Romulus killed Remus because the two brothers were haveing a dispute over who had the support of the local deiteies to rule over the new city and give it theor name. Supposedly Romulus was standing on one hill and Remus on another, and a flock of birds flew over Romulus signifying that Romulus should be King.

After Romulus  founded Rome, Romulus created the Roman senate and the Roman Legions. He also added citizens bt abducting women from near by Sabine tribes. Romulus would later become ancient Romes greatest conquerer, by adding large amounts of land and people to the domain of Rome. After Romulus died he was named as the god Quirinus.

Catullus

Catullus was a roman poet that lived from 84 BC- 54 BC. His father would entertain Caesar. In one of Catullus poems he describes his joy as he returns to his family villa. He made complaints about poverty, but they were taken with a pinch of salt. Some of Catullus's poems are about Lesbia, a girl he fell deeply in love with. There is no remaining biography of Catullus, his life had to be pieced together from scattered references. His poems were rediscovered in the Middle ages. They influenced poets such as Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. His writing style would shock both ancient and present readers.
  

Nike

Nike was the Greek god of victory. She is many times seen with either Zeus or Athena. She is also seen with heros guiding their horse. Nike helped in the war of the Titans as a charioteer driver. She also comforted Zeus in the battle he had with Typhoeus. Nike carried a sash to carry a crown for the victor. a bowl or cup for libations, an incense burner, and a lyre for the celebration of the victory.

Alexander the Great and Other Generals

Alexander was one of the most successful generals of all time, he seemed to have the perfect attributes to conquer the land he did. There are a lot of other generals that have come and gone that are good generals but never quit as good. Some generals had some attributes in common with Alexander and some that maybe would have helped Alexander. Alexander was brave, smart, had an amazing will, and treated his soldiers extremely well. Now there are Generals that are sure might be brave and smart but not to many treated there men the way Alexander did. Also there aren't many generals at all who was actually in the front line of battle. Alexander seemed to be the "perfect" general. Now many people study him so that they might be able to lead their men half as well as he did.

Ovid

Ovid is best known for the Heroides, Amores, and Ars Amatoria, three major collections of erotic poetry. Others are the Metamorphoses, the Fasti, the Tritia, and Epistulae ex Ponto. His work decisively influenced European art and Literature. It still remains as one of the most important sources of classical mythology. He lived form March, 43 BC- 17 or 18 BC. Ovid talks about his life much more than many of the other poets. Ovid was born in Sulmo. He was educated in Rome.

Virgil

Virgil lived from October 15, 70 BCE to September 21, 19 BCE. He was a classical Roman poet. He was known for his works the Eclogues, the Georgics, and the Aeneid, and some other minor poems. He was the son of a farmer who would later become one of Rome's greatest poets. The Aeneid was very popular to the point where it could be considered a national epic. Virgil received his first education at the age of 5. He would later go to Rome to study philosophy. Virgil preferred male parters, especially two slave boys. Virgil's schoolmates said that he was a very shy boy. Virgil seemed to live an unhealthy life.
  

The Coliseum in Rome

The Roman Coliseum is an optical amphitheater in the center of Rome, Italy. This one was the largest ever built in the Roman Empire, it was one of the greatest architectural feats of the Romans. The construction of th building started in 70 to 72 AD under Vespasian. and was completed in 80 AD under Titus. It was capable of seating 50,000 spectators. This was used for gladiatorial fights and public spectacles. Mock sea battles were held, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas. This building stopped being used in the beginning of the medieval era.
  

Roman Gladiator types IIII

Another major Gladiator was the Thrace. The Thracian was equipped with a broad rimmed helmet that enclosed the entire head. A small square or round shield, and two thigh length greaves. His weapon was the Thracian curved  sword, or the sica. Those were the many different types of Roman Gladiators. The Romans got the idea for these gladiators because of there encounters with many different people all over the Mediterranean, and all over the world.

Roman Gladiator types III

A type of Gladiator is the Mirmillones. They wore a helmet with a stylized fish on the crest. They carried a gladius, an oblong shield (Gallic style). They were pared with Hoplomachi, or a Thrace. Next was the Retiarii. They carried a trident, dagger, and a net. Sometimes a metal shoulder shield, or galerus was added to protect the neck and lower face. Also there was the Saggitarii. They were mounted bowmen, armed with a reflex bow capable of propelling an arrow a great distance.

Roman Gladiator types II

      

Another type of a Gladiator is the Essedari. These were a Celtic style chariot rider. They were likely brought to Rome from the Britain because of Julius Caesar. There was also the Hoplomachi or Samnite. They were fully armered, based on the Greek Hoplite. They wore a helmet the hade a griffin styled on the crest, woolen quilted leg wrappings, and shin guards. They carried a large round shield, and a spear (similar the the Hoplite). They were pared against Mirmillones or Thraces. Also there was the Dimachaeri, he carried two swords into battle, one for each hand. There were the Laquerii, they used a rope and noose.

Roman Gladiator types

There were many different styles and types of Gladiators. One of these fighters was called a Andabatae. They were clad in chainmail, wore visored helmets without eye holes. They would charge at each other blindly on horse back. This was an ancient precursor to the medieval joust. Another type was the Bestiarii (Beast fighters). They were armed with a spear or knife. These Gladiators were condemned to fight beast, there was a high probability of death. Also there were Gladiators called Equites. They fought on horseback, armed with a spear, gladius, and were dressed in a full tunic. They normally only fought gladiators of their kind.

Roman Legion

The Roman Legion was made up of 6,000 men. 5,300 of them actually fought. The Legion was split up into many different groups. The first and smallest group was Conterbernium (tent group) this consisted of 8 men. The next was Centuria (century) This was a group of 80 men leaded by a Centurion. After that was the Cohort (cohort) included 480 men. Next is the Legio (legion) this was made up of 4,320 men, and in addition 120 calvary. This made a grand total of 5,240 men, not including the officers.

Roman Hairstyles

The Roman hairstyles were ever changing, especially in in the imperial age. The hairstyle you had would fit your social class. One of the hairstyles was the Tutulus, this was one of the hairstyles that the mother of the family would wear. A popular hairstyle was the nodus, the hair was parted in three places. Each side made a bun, and the middle looped back on itself. There are many other hairstyles that came from Rome. As you can see hairstyle was very important in there time as it is in our time.
 

Roman Clothing for Women

Women also wore a tunica similar to the men's. These fashions were adapted from the Greeks. The more common tunic worn by women was similar to the Greek chiton. This was a sleeved garment made with two pieces of cloth sewn together at the top. This was pulled over their head, and styled in many different ways with pins. The Married women were required to wear loose, toga equivalent, the stola.     

Roman Clothing for Men

Men often wore one of two things, a tunica, or a toga. The tunica was a short woolen undergarment. This was avoided by the upper class because it was the general attire of the plebes(the lower class civilians). The Toga was specifically meant as a public display garment. Only Roman Citizens were aloud to were Roman Togas. It was meant to symbolize peaceful endeavorers. There were different types of Togas, and each toga would symbolize a persons social class.     

Roman Numerals

The Roman numeral system is decimal, it does not include the number 0. It is the cousin of the Etruscan numerals. This is commonly used in numbered lists, clock faces, pages before the main body of the books, and many other things. The Romans only used what we would call today as upper case letters for their numbers.

Roman Government

The roman government went through many changes over it's many years. It first started out having tyrants, people who had absolute power. There were 7 tyrants that ruled over Rome at one time. But at 509 B.C. the people struck up in revolt and over threw the Roman Monarchy and made a government of their own. This Government was called a Republic. In this Government there are checks and balances so that one part of the Government doesn't become to powerful, it is very similar to the government we have today. The three Parts were Democracy, Aristocracy, and Monarchy. 

Verb Parsing chapter 14

appellavit- 2nd, singular, perfect of apello meaning to speak to, address
creavit- 2nd, singular, perfect, indicative of creare meaning to create
servat- 3rd, singular perfect, indicative meaning to protect
trahit- 2nd, singular, presnt, active, indicative of trahere meaning to draw
lupum- 1st, singular, present, active, indicative of
habet- 3rd, singular, present, active, indicative of habere meaning to have or hold
potuit- 3rd, singular, present, active, indicative  of potiorir meaning to have possession
malarum- 1st, singular, present, active, indicative of
vitabit- 3rd, singular, future, active, indicative of

Vocab Check

1. me- me

5.si- if

6. amo, amare- to love

7. cogito, cogitare- to ponder

8. moneo, monere- to advise 

9. ager, agre,- feild

10. femina, feminai- women

11.populus, populii- people

14. semper- always

15. habeo, habere- to have

16. exitum, exitii- to destroy

17. mohra, mohria- moral

18. aqualis, aqule- water

19. periculum, pericule- plan

20. malus, mala, malum- bad

21. igitur- annoyed

22.propter- teacher

23.caras- dear

24. quando- question

25. remeo, remere- to remain

27. dea, deii- goddess

30. possum, posse- to be able

32. quwetas, qewetatis

33. mos, mores

34.pax, pacus- peace

35. regina, reginii- queen

36. uxor, uxoris- plan

37, vertus, vertutis- 

38, audio, audere- to dare

39 copia, copii- to cope

40. libertas, libertatis- liberty

41. seror, serous- clan

43. numquam- number

44. ago, agere- feild

45. disco, dicere- light

46. nutere, nutrum- second

47. tultus, tultum

48. anin

49. nimus, nimium- second

50. natura, naturii- natural

51. factum, factii- fact

52. signum, signii- signal

53. sui- under

54. doctus, docta, doctum- learned

55. ollim- old

56. allo, alere- heal

57. diligo, diligere- diligent

58. ungo, ungere- go

59. sto, stare

60. vheristas, verritatis- where

Alexander the great

Did Alexander conquer Asia Minor, or did Asia Minor conquer Alexander. I believe that Alexander the Great conquered Asia Minor. Some reasons I believe that is because Alexander the Great fought many battles and he won almost all of them. Alexander suffered over 30 battle wounds a lived through all of them. If Alexander set his sight on conquering a certain people he did it. There was a single city that he couldn’t take. Even with the worst odds Alexander always found a way to overcome them.

                Alexander was one of the greatest generals of all time. He and his strategies are still studied to this day. His parents were Philip of Macedonia, and Olympia. Philip united Greece under the Macedonian flag. Alexander was tutored under the great philosopher Aristotle. He taught Alexander many of his strategies, and his way of governing. There is a story that says that as a boy Alexander’s mother told him that his real father wasn’t Philip but the god Zeus. This fueled many events that would happen during Alexander’s life.

                Philip of Macedonia would be murdered. When Alexander was just 19 years old he would come to power over Macedonia and all of Greece. The first thing Alexander did was to go and find the murderers of Philip. After he did that he wanted to take vengeance for what the Persians did in the Peloponnesian wars. So he set out for Asia Minor, specifically the city of troy. As soon as Alexander the Great hit the shores he declared that Asia Minor was his by right. Alexander fought his way down to Egypt where he was greeted as a liberator. The Egyptians treated him this way because they hated the Persians as much as the Greeks.

                While he was in Egypt the Egyptians proclaimed him as a pharaoh. Alexander was finally acknowledged as a god. He also when to a famous oracle that was known to be around their, Alexander wanted to find out if he truly was the son of Zeus. He got to the temple and asked his questions and the priest came out and greeted him as “Son of God.” Alexander now knew that he really was the son of the king of the Gods, Zeus. With that knowledge Alexander headed for the heart of Persia, he would take a short cut through the mountains to take the Persians by surprise. Alexander would conquer the city, and the Persian people betrayed Darious, specifically Besus, and killed him.

                Alexander then went hunting for Darious’ killers. Because the way he saw it was that he was now the leader of Persia and Those people killed the old Persian King, and the deserve justice. When Alexander reached Afghan he burned all his chariots so that they wouldn’t slow him down. Then Alexander went up the Khawak Pass to surprise Besus. Alexander used local guides to help him. If they were good they would be rewarded, if they mislead him they were killed. Alexander was totally concentrated on defeating Besus. 2 weeks into their journey they ran out of grain so they had to kill pack animals.

               

When Alexander finally caught up with Besus he had his ears and nose cut off and sent to Persia to face his crimes. Besus was impaled. That summer Alexander ran into a people that were very good on horses and use the hit and run method. You could say that that was one of the first cases in recorded history of guerilla warfare. Alexander suffered his first defeat against these horsemen. After that Alexander went on a search and destroy mission. He separated his army up to cover more ground. It ended in Samarkand. He married a young girl named Roxanne. You could say that he fell in love or that it was for political reasons.

In Punga Alexander suffered an arrow to the lung while he was on the walls. He would fully recover from that injury. Alexander’s last act in India was that Alexander built fortifications and a harbor he named Alexander’s harbor. In October Alexander headed home with his troops. Alexander chose a route through the desert to prove he could do it. They ran out of water and had to keep going without. Alexander’s men found a small amount of water and put it in a helmet and gave it to Alexander. Alexander poured out all the water to show that if everyone can’t drink no one can drink. Showing Alexander was still an Amazing leader.

Alexander’s wife would die later on, and Alexander was almost suicidal with grief. Many people were saying that Alexander’s days were numbered because he lost his will, and purpose. Alexander became obsessed with the omens. But he would wind up ignoring the most important one, the one that said not to go into Babylon. Alexander would get a fever while in Babylon. Alexander’s fever was slowly killing him. Alexander’s men found out about this a forced their way into the palace to see him. Alexander would die on the 10^th of June.

Alexander conquered everything he set his mind to. And his men would follow without hesitation, until they grew tired of fighting. Alexander Conquered one of the biggest empires of their day. While he did that it also happened without a single defeat. His only defeat was when he fought the horse men. The only reason Alexander lost to them was because he had never seen that before. Even though he lost that one battle he continued marching forward. He just kept killing his resistance and becoming more power as he marched on.

I believe that Alexander conquered Asia Minor not only because he really did conquer all the land in Asia Minor, but that wasn’t good enough for him. Alexander kept pushing on to India. The only reason Alexander died was because of Malaria, an incurable illness at the time. If you would compare how well Alexander did, against his defeats you would truly see that Alexander conquered Asia Minor

Vocab Review