Exam Part 7

7. Five paragraph academic essay: Using the original Latin to support your claims, identify and show examples of Caesar's biases against the Celts. 25%


Through out Caesar's writings in Caesar's Gallic war, you can see many of his biases. Through out the story you can see he is try to make the Gauls sound like barbarians, pigs, and disgusting people. There are times where he described the way they live the type of home they live in. Caesar does this through his book so that he will be seen as a hero by the Roman people because he defeated the horrid and terrifying Gauls.Over the course of the year it has been clear to me the biases of Caesar and why he says what he says.


In the first book and the first chapter we can already see some of Caesar's biases. In the latin he says "propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciaelongissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque eaquae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important".
This basically is saying how they are smelly barbarians because they live the farthest away from our provinces. He shows us here how he looked at the way they lived com paired to the way the Romans did. The Belgae did live the farthest away from from the Romans, but that wouldn't mean that they would be the way Caesar describes them to be. It is not that they did not have the option to trade with the Romans, it's that they chose not to. This is one of the first biases that we see from Caesar, and it is very early on in the book. 


Caesar also through out the book says how Barbarian the Helvetii are. Yet in this passage  "Eos impeditos et inopinantesadgressus magnam partem eorum concidit; reliqui sese fugae mandaruntatque in proximas silvas abdiderunt." we see that Caesar and his men were the real barbarians. Today we would look down on Caesar as a coward for what he did to the reaming tribes of the Helvetians. I would call Caesar a barbarian for attacking defenseless men that were wearing their packs ready to cross the river. These men were in no way expecting or ready for a fight, and Caesar and his men slaughtered them. That is almost text book barbarianism, attacking someone when they are not ready and slaughtering them.  


I believe that because of Caesar's biases he would stretch the truth and make it sound like the Gauls did something so horrible that they must be evil. "Cenabum signo dato concurrunt civesque Romanos, quinegotiandi causa ibi constiterant". In this passage I am sure that the gauls did attack a roman town, but Caesar uses stronger words such as slaughter, which I'm sure would upset the Roman people. When he would do this he would more easily gain the support of the Roman people. Caesar says how bad the Gauls are when they do certain things, but we have read in the past and later on in the book that he does much worse himself. In that paragraph Caesar also talk about how there was a very honorable and distinguished Roman equtie. I'm sure this man was a good man, but I think that Caesar might have stretched the truth to make it sound like the Gauls did and absolutely horrible thing because they killed a good roman man and soldier.


These were only some of the things that we can see Caesar's bias on. He does all of this for one main reason, so that in the eyes of the Romans he is a great hero. He adds bias to everything he says to make it sound like what he does is valiant and brave, and what ever the Gauls do is horrible. I think that we would see a totally different story if we read what the Gaul would write about the war.

Exam Part 6

6. Translate Cae. 1.1 - 1.3; 7.1 - 7.2 25%


[1] Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important, proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. Eorum una, pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.


All of Gaul is divided into three parts, one is the Belgae, the other is the Aquatani, and the third in their native language are called the Celts, and in ours the Gauls. The differ in language, institutions, and in their religions.The Garumna river diveds the Aquatani, the Belgae, and the Sequani. Of them the Belgae are the strongest, for they live the farthest from any province, and they trade very little with the merchants the things that lessen the manliness of the spirit, they are closest to the Germania, with whom they wage war contently. Among the Gauls the Helvetii are the most in virtue, and the constantly fight against the Germanic people. The rest of Gaul is divided up in to parts by the Rhando river, the Garumna river, and the ocean at the borders of the Belgae, next to them seperated by the Rhone river is the Helvetii and the Sequani. The Belgae's border on the other side of Gaul is along the Rhine river, which is so slow that you can not see the flow of the river. The Aquatani by the Garumna river and along the other part is the ocean, and along its borders is Hispania.

Exam Part 5

5. Give the principle parts of 5 verbs of your choosing.

1. miserantur - misero, miserare, miseravi, miseratus meaning to have pity

2. demonstrant - demonstro, demonstrare, demonstravi, demonstratus meaning to reveal

3. intellegeret - intellego, intellegere, intellegexi, intellectus meaning to understand

4. discludit - discludo, discludere, discludexi, discludectus meaning to divide 

5. perfertur - perfero, perferre, perfetuli, perfetectus meaing to prefer 

Exam Part 2

[5] [7] [4] Simili ratione ibi Vercingetorix, Celtilli filius, Arvernus, summae potentiae adulescens, cuius pater principatum Galliae totius obtinuerat et ob eam causam, quod regnum appetebat, ab civitate erat interfectus, convocatis suis clientibus facile incendit. Cognito eius consilio ad arma concurritur. Prohibetur ab Gobannitione, patruo suo, reliquisque principibus, qui hanc temptandam fortunam non existimabant; expellitur ex oppido Gergovia; non destitit tamen atque in agris habet dilectum egentium ac perditorum. Hac coacta manu, quoscumque adit ex civitate ad suam sententiam perducit; hortatur ut communis libertatis causa arma capiant, magnisque coactis copiis adversarios suos a quibus paulo ante erat eiectus expellit ex civitate. Rex ab suis appellatur. Dimittit quoque versus legationes; obtestatur ut in fide maneant. Celeriter sibi Senones, Parisios, Pictones, Cadurcos, Turonos, Aulercos, Lemovices, Andos reliquosque omnes qui Oceanum attingunt adiungit: omnium consensu ad eum defertur imperium. Qua oblata potestate omnibus his civitatibus obsides imperat, certum numerum militum ad se celeriter adduci iubet, armorum quantum quaeque civitas domi quodque ante tempus efficiat constituit; in primis equitatui studet. Summae diligentiae summam imperi severitatem addit; magnitudine supplici dubitantes cogit. Nam maiore commisso delicto igni atque omnibus tormentis necat, leviore de causa auribus desectis aut singulis effossis oculis domum remittit, ut sint reliquis documento et magnitudine poenae perterreant alios.


Nouns 
1. hominem  - men
2. legatos - legion 
3. mittunt - soldiers 
4. flumen - river 
5. provinciam - province 
6. timentes - time 
7. factus - fact 
8. senatusque senate 
9. urbano - city 
10. populi - people 
11. bello  - war 
12. fortunam - fortune 
13. primis  - beginning 
14. legiones  - legion 
15. gloriam - glory 
16. civitate - city 
17. clientibus - clients 
18. fortunam - fortune 
19. agris - field 
20. capiant - captain 
21. Rex  - king 
22. legationes - legion 
23. civitatibus - city 
24. militum - soldiers 
25. domum  - house 

Exam Part 1

Latin II Final Exam
R. Richard Wojewodzki

1. Go to Gallic Wars in Latin Library: choose, ID, and parse 25 verbs. 10%
2. Choose and translate 25 common nouns.10%
3. ID 5 relative clauses. 10%
4. Explain three uses of the subjunctive mood. 10%
5. Give the principle parts of 5 verbs of your choosing. 10%
6. Translate Cae. 1.1 - 1.3; 7.1 - 7.2 25% (may use dictionary)
7. Five paragraph academic essay: Using the original Latin to support your claims, identify and show examples of Caesar's biases against the Celts. 25%


[3] 
1.venit - 3rd singular perfect active indicative of venere
2. concurrunt - 3rd plural present active indicative of concurrere meaning to bring together 
3. constiterant - 3rd plural present active indicative of constitere
4.  praeerat - 3rd singular present active indicative of praeere meaning to do
5. interficiunt - 3rd plural present active indicative of interficire meaning to be in between
6. diripiunt - 3rd plural present active indicative of diripire meaning to go down 
7. perfertur - 3rd singular imperfect passive indicative of perfertere meaning to prefer 
8. incidit - 3rd singular present active indicative of incidere meaning 
9. significant - 3rd plural present active indicative of significare meaning to be important 
10. excipiunt - 3rd plural present active indicative of excipire meaning to welcome 
11. tradunt - 3rd plural present active indicative of tradere meaning to cross 
12. accidit - 3rd singular perfect active indicative of accidere meaning to do on accident 
13. essent - 3rd plural present active indicative of esse meaning to be 
14. sunt - 3rd plural present active indicative of esse meaning to be 
[6] 
15. intellegeret - 3rd singular present active indicative of intellegere meaning to inform 
16. est - 3rd singular present active indicative of esse meaning to be 
17. venisset - 3rd singular present active indicative of venissere meaning  

18. adficiebatur - 3rd singular imperfect passive indicative of adifecire meaning to be 
19. posset - 3rd singular present active indicative of posse meaning to be able 
20.  arcesseret - 3rd singular present active indicative of arcessere meaning 
21. intellegebat - 3rd plural imperfect active indicative of intellegere meaning to inform 
22. contenderet - 3rd singular present active indicative of contendere meaning to go against
23. viderentur - 3rd plural present passive indicative of videre meaning to be seen 
24. videbat - 3rd singular imperfect active indicative of videre meaning to see 
25. itinere - 1st singular active infinitive meaning to journey 

Grammar

amo/ I love, amare/to love, amavi/ I had loved, amatus/ loved
sedeo/ I sit, sedere/ to sit, sedi/ I have sat, sessurus/ sitting
curro/ I run, currere/ to run, cucurri/ I have ran, cursurus/ running
audio/ I hear, audire/ to hear, audi/ I have heard, auditus/ hearing

ere in the infinitive....
if first principal part end in -eo then 2nd
if not 3rd

narro, narrare, naravi, naratus 1st
sedeo, sedere, sedei, sedetus 2nd
arcesseo, arcessere, arcessei, arcessus 2nd
puto, putare, putavi, putatus 1st
nuntio, nuntiare, nuntavi, nuntatus 1st
accipio, accipere, accipei, accipetus 3rd
persuadeo, persuadere, persuadi, persuaditus 2nd
sto, stare, stavi, status 1st
debeo, debere, debi, debitus 2nd
possum, posse, potui, potorus irregular
perio, perire, peti, petitus 4th

Practice Exam - completed

Vocab:

1. annus - year

2. auxilium - help

3. brevis - short

4. canis - dog

5. cibus -

6. coepisse - 

7. cras - tomorrow

8. dare - to give 

9. deus - god

10. docere - 

11. ego - I

12. fortis - strong

13. laudare - to praise

14. mater - mother 

15. pars - parts

16. plus - more

17. pugnare - 

18. punire - 

19. regere - 

20. rex - king

21. scribere - to write

22. semper - always

23. silva - woods

24. summus - highest

25. urbs - city

26. dies, diei - day

27. nomen - name

28. silva - woods

29. vox - voice

30. calidus - fire

31. curo, curare - to care for

32. observo, abservare - to expect

33. saluto, salutare - 

34. porta - gate

35. tunica - tunic

36. fatuus - silly

37. longus - long

38. tardus - slow

39. lectus - read

40. neco, necare - to kill 

41. vigilo, vigilare - remain

42. heri - 

43. post - after 

44. arcus - arch 

45. moles - mountain

46. turba - 

47. uxor - wife 

48. aedehficio - 

49. stupeo, stupere - to make stupid

50. maximus - largest 

Verb Parsing: 

[3] Vbi ea dies venit, Carnutes Cotuato et Conconnetodumno ducibus, desperatis hominibus, Cenabum signo dato concurrunt civesque Romanos, qui negotiandi causa ibi constiterant, in his Gaium Fufium Citam, honestum equitem Romanum, qui rei frumentariae iussu Caesaris praeerat, interficiunt bonaque eorum diripiunt. Celeriter ad omnes Galliae civitates fama perfertur. Nam ubicumque maior atque illustrior incidit res, clamore per agros regionesque significant; hunc alii deinceps excipiunt et proximis tradunt, ut tum accidit. Nam quae Cenabi oriente sole gesta essent, ante primam confectam vigiliam in finibus Arvernorum audita sunt, quod spatium est milium passuum circiter centum LX.

venit - 3rd singular perfect active indicative of venere meaning to come

concurrunt - 3rd plural present active indicative of concurrere meaning 

constiterant - 3rd plural present active indicative of constiterare meaning 

praeerat - 3rd singular present active indicative of praeere meaning

interficiunt - 3rd plural present active indicative of interficiere meaning in between 

diripiunt - 3rd plural present active indicative of diripere meaning to plunder

perfertur - 3rd singular present passive indicative of perfere meaning 

incidit - 3rd singular perfect active indicative of incidere meaning to cut 

significant - 3rd plural present active indicative of significare meaning to signify 

tradunt - 3rd plural present active indicative of tradere meaning

Realative clause/ Purpose clause/ and five nouns:
[6] His rebus in Italiam Caesari nuntiatis, cum iam ille urbanas res virtute Cn. Pompei commodiorem in statum pervenisse intellegeret, in Transalpinam Galliam profectus est. Eo cum venisset, magna difficultate adficiebatur, qua ratione ad exercitum pervenire posset. Nam si legiones in provinciam arcesseret, se absente in itinere proelio dimicaturas intellegebat; si ipse ad exercitum contenderet, ne eis quidem eo tempore qui quieti viderentur suam salutem recte committi videbat.

??????? i need help with this

Translate: 

[2] His rebus agitatis profitentur Carnutes se nullum periculum communis salutis causa recusare principesque ex omnibus bellum facturos pollicentur et, quoniam in praesentia obsidibus cavere inter se non possint ne res efferatur, ut iureiurando ac fide sanciatur, petunt, collatis militaribus signis, quo more eorum gravissima caerimonia continetur, ne facto initio belli ab reliquis deserantur. Tum collaudatis Carnutibus, dato iureiurando ab omnibus qui aderant, tempore eius rei constituto ab concilio disceditur.

While these things were in motion, the Carnutes declare that there would be no decline to danger for the sake of general safety, and they would be first to start war, and since they presently cannot take any precautions, by giving and receiving hostages, the affair will not be solved, they require a solemn assurance given by oath and honor their military standards are being brought together, at which time the obligations are made binding that they will not desert the rest of Gaul when the war starts.